ROBOTICS
Robotics is the study of robots.
Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that includes electronics engineering, mechanical engineering and computer science and so on. This branch deals with the design, construction, used to control robots, sensory feedback and information processing. Most of the robots of today are inspired by nature and are known as bio-inspired robots.
Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. The objective of the robotics field is to create intelligent machines that can assist humans in a variety of ways.
Robotics can take on a number of forms. A robot may resemble a human, or it may be in the form of a robotic application, such as robotic process automation (RPA), which simulates how humans engage with software to perform repetitive, rules-based tasks.
While the field of robotics and exploration of the potential uses and functionality of robots have grown substantially in the 20th century, the idea is certainly not a new one.
Robotics is the technology that deals with robot design, production, process, and use of robots.
Robotics equally includes the study of computer systems designed for controlling robots, developing sensory feedback, and handling of information. It is the science that studies the robot.
Asimov's Three Laws Of Robotics Have Survived To The Present:
Some Applications For Robotics Are The Following:
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ROBOTICS
The term robotics is an extension of the word robot. One of its first uses came from Czech writer Karel Čapek, who used the word in his play, Rossum's Universal Robots, in 1920.
However, it is science fiction author Isaac Asimov who has been given credit for being the first person to use the term in the 1940s by Oxford English Dictionary.
1700s
- (1737) Jacques de Vaucanson builds the first biomechanical automaton on record. Called the Flute Player, the mechanical device plays 12 songs.
1920s
- (1920) The word “robot” makes its first appearance in Karel Capek’s play R.U.R. Robot is derived from the Czech word “robota,” which means “forced labor.”
- (1926) The first movie robot appears in Metropolis.
In Asimov's story, he suggested three principles to guide the behavior of autonomous robots and smart machines.
Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics have survived to the present:
- Robots must never harm human beings.
- Robots must follow instructions from humans without violating rule 1.
- Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.
However, it wasn't until a couple of decades later in 1961 -- based on designs from the '50s -- that the first programmable robot, Unimate, was created to move scalding metal pieces from a die-cast machine.
Characteristics
- Robots consist of some sort of mechanical construction. The mechanical aspect of a robot helps it complete tasks in the environment for which it’s designed. For example, the Mars 2020 Rover’s wheels are individually motorized and made of titanium tubing that help it firmly grip the harsh terrain of the red planet.
- Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Essentially, an electric current — a battery, for example — is needed to power a large majority of robots.
- Robots contain at least some level of computer programming. Without a set of code telling it what to do, a robot would just be another piece of simple machinery. Inserting a program into a robot gives it the ability to know when and how to carry out a task.
There are some characteristics of robots given below:
- Appearance: Robots have a physical body. They are held by the structure of their body and are moved by their mechanical parts. Without appearance, robots will be just a software program.
- Brain: Another name of brain in robots is On-board control unit. Using this robot receive information and sends commands as output. With this control unit robot knows what to do else it’ll be just a remote-controlled machine.
- Sensors: The use of these sensors in robots is to gather info from the outside world and send it to Brain. Basically, these sensors have circuits in them that produces the voltage in them.
- Actuators: The robots move and the parts with the help of these robots move is called Actuators. Some examples of actuators are motors, pumps, and compressor etc. The brain tells these actuators when and how to respond or move.
- Program: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are provided to them in the form of a program. These programs only tell the brain when to perform which operation like when to move, produce sounds etc. These programs only tell the robot how to use sensors data to make decisions.
- Behaviour: Robots behavior is decided by the program which has been built for it. Once the robot starts making the movement, one can easily tell which kind of program is being installed inside the robot.
geeksforgeeks robotics-introduction/
Some applications for robotics are the following:
- home electronics -- see Honda's ASIMO
- computer science/computer programming
- artificial intelligence
- data science
- law enforcement/military
- mechanical engineering -- see Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robotics
- mechatronics
- Nanotechnology
- bioengineering/healthcare
- aerospace -- see National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Urbie
- Caterpillar plans which is aiming to develop remote-controlled machines and are expecting to develop heavy robots by 2021.
- A robot can also do Herding task.
- Robots are increasingly been used more than humans in manufacturing while in auto-industry there are more than half of the labors are “Robots”.
- Many of the robots are used as Military Robots.
- Robots have been used in cleaning up of areas like toxic waste or industrial wastes etc.
- Agricultural robots.
- Household robots.
- Domestic robots.
- Nano robots.
- Swarm robots.
TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF ROBOTS
All robots have controllers, mechanical parts, and sensors.
Categories Of Robots
- Articulated: The feature of this robot is its rotary joints and range of these are from 2 to 10 or more joints. The arm is connected to the rotary joint and each joint is known as the axis which provides a range of movements.
- Cartesian: These are also known as gantry robots. These have three joints which use the Cartesian coordinate system i.e x, y, z. These robots are provided with attached wrists to provide rotatory motion.
- Cylindrical: These types of robots have at least one rotatory joints and one prismatic joint which are used to connect the links. The use of rotatory joints is to rotate along the axis and prismatic joint used to provide linear motion.
- Polar: These are also known as spherical robots. The arm is connected to base with a twisting joint and have a combination of 2 rotatory joint and one linear joint.
- Scara: These robots are mainly used in assembly applications. Its arm is in cylindrical in design. It has two parallel joints which are used to provide compliance in one selected plane.
- Delta: The structure of these robots are like spider-shaped. They are built by joint parallelograms that are connected to the common base. The parallelogram moves in a dome-shaped work area. These are mainly used in food and electrical industries.
Types Of Robots
Aerospace Robots
Aerospace robots cover a wide category of different kinds of robots. These include different types of flying robots. Examples are the robotic seagull produced by SmartBird. Another one is the security surveillance drone that Raven built. These types of robots, equally, include robots that can visit the surface of Mars. These robot examples are humanoids, Mars Rovers, and NASA’s Robonaut.
Consumer Robots
Consumer robots perform tasks like purchasing and utilization for fun. They can also do chores for people. Examples are Aibo, the robot dog, the Roomba vacuum cleaner, Artificial intelligence-powered robot assistants. Additionally, there are different types of robot toys and kits.
Disaster Response Robots
Disaster response robots carry out risky tasks like searching for survivors after a disaster. For instance, after the 2011 Japan tsunami earthquake, Packbots were sent to investigate the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station to estimate the degree of damage.
Drones
Drones are aerial vehicles not controlled by humans. These vehicles come in a wide variety of sizes and come with varying degrees of autonomy. Examples of drones are the Global Hawk military system, the well-known Phantom series of DJI, and the Anafi Parrot.
Education Robots
Education robots include a wide range of different types of robots. They are designed for teaching in the classroom or home use. Examples of this type of robotics include proactive programmable electronics like Lego, 3D printers that come with teaching plans. It equally includes teacher robots like EMYS.
Entertainment Robots
Entertainment robots are types of robots intended to arouse our emotions. Robots for entertainment purposes include Robo Thespian; a robot comedian, Navi Shaman; a Disney theme park robot, and Partner; a robotic musician.
Exoskeleton Robots
For physical therapy, there are exoskeleton robots. This type of robot can make a paralyzed individual get back on his or her feet again. However, the military and other industry are also using exoskeleton robots. They offer extra mobility capacity to the user. They enable him or her to have more strength to lift heavy loads.
Humanoids
Humanoids are the type of robots that many people are familiar with. These are robots that replicate human appearance. Examples of this type of robot include Asimo, produced by Honda and Geminoid robot series that resemble human beings.
Industrial Robots
These types of robots come with an arm used to carry out recurring tasks. Examples of this type of robots include the factory robot, Unimate, the Amazon warehouse robots, and collaborative factory robots which serve as a human co-worker.
Medical Robots
Medical and healthcare robots are robots employed for curative purposes. They include types of robotics like the da Vinci surgical robot, bionic prostheses, and robotic exoskeletons.
Military And Security robots
Military robots are for security, surveillance, and combat purposes. This type includes the Endeavor Robotics’ PackBot. This is for discovering makeshift explosives in Iraq and Afghanistan.
It equally includes robot types like the BigDog. This helps in lifting heavy tools and different types of machinery. An example of a security robot is the self-governing mobile edifices like Cobalt.
Research Robot
University and company’s research laboratories developed most types of robots today. However, research robots are different. The primary reason for designing them is to assist researchers in their research work. This means that some robots that fall into different classifications may equally qualify as research robots.
Self-Driving Car Robots
There are different types of robotic self-driving cars around. Many of these cars can as well drive human beings. The primary designs of self-driving cars include vehicles designed for the DARPA’s self-driving vehicle contests. Also, Google pioneered self-driving Toyota Prius. This one gave rise to Waymo.
Telepresence Robots
These are the types of robots that enable you to explore a location remotely and be present in the location while remaining where you are. You can sign into a robot avatar through the internet. Once you log in, you can drive the robot around. Moreover, you can view the things that the robot sees. Also, you can speak to people in that location without being there physically.
Remote workers can utilize this type of robots to work together with their co-workers at a far-away office. Additionally, medical practitioners can use these types of robots to verify how their patients are doing.
Underwater Robots
Beneath the surface of the water is where deploying these robots are possible. Examples of these types of robots include marine submersibles such as Aquanaut, humanoids that dive. Other examples are Ocean One and biological motivated robotics like the snakebot known as ACM-R5H.
Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots operate independently of human operators. These robots are usually designed to carry out tasks in open environments that do not require human supervision. They are quite unique because they use sensors to perceive the world around them, and then employ decision-making structures (usually a computer) to take the optimal next step based on their data and mission. One example of an autonomous robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner, which uses sensors to roam freely throughout a home.
Examples of Autonomous Robots
- Cleaning Bots (for example, Roomba)
- Lawn Trimming Bots
- Hospitality Bots
- Autonomous Drones
- Medical Assistant Bots
What Is a Bot? What Is Software Robotics?
Software robotics, also called bots, are computer programs which carry out tasks autonomously. One common use case of software robots is a chatbot. A chatbot is a computer program that simulates conversation both online and over the phone and is often used in customer service scenarios. Chatbots can either be simple services that answer questions with an automated response or more complex digital assistants that learn from user information.
Types of Bots
- Chatbots: carry out simple conversations, often in a customer service setting.
- Spam Bots: collect email addresses and send spam mail.
- Download Bots: download software and apps automatically.
- Search Engine Crawler Bots: scan websites and make them visible on search engines.
- Monitoring Bots: report on website speed and status.
Software robots only exist on the internet and originate within a computer, which means they are not considered robots. In order to be considered a robot, a device must have a physical form, such as a body or a chassis.
Main Types Of Industrial Robots
There are six classifications of industrial robots. These include the articulated robots, Cartesian robots, the SCARA robots, the cylindrical robots, delta robots, and polar robots. Nonetheless, there are other types of robots structures. All of these feature various type of joint structures with the joints known as axes.
The standard type of industrial robots is articulated robots. Articulated robots come with rotational joints which can differ from two to ten joints. Additionally, some robots come with more than ten joints. The most common types of articulated robots come with six axes.
The axes give the robot optimal mobility or flexibility. A joint that twists is linking the arm of these robots to the base. Robots that have six axes are of big help in handling materials, tending machines, welding an arc, or spot welding.
Robotics For A Modern World
There are different types of robots. These vary widely and can range from humanoids like the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO), developed by Honda. Another one is the TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO), developed by TOSY. Also, there are medical and healthcare robots, like the microscopic nanorobots.
Angelina | Types-of-robots
Machine learning in robotics
Machine learning and robotics intersect in a field known as robot learning. Robot learning is the study of techniques that enable a robot to acquire new knowledge or skills through machine learning algorithms.
Some applications that have been explored by robot learning include grasping objects, object categorization and even linguistic interaction with a human peer. Learning can happen through self-exploration or via guidance from a human operator.
THE PROS AND CONS OF ROBOTICS
Robotic systems are coveted in many industries because they can increase accuracy, reduce cost and increase safety for human beings.
With robots or robotic systems, workers can avoid exposure to hazardous chemicals and even limit psychosocial and ergonomic health risks. However, despite these benefits, there are several drawbacks to robotics as well.
There are certain tasks that are simply better suited for humans -- for example, those jobs that require creativity, adaptability and critical decision-making skills.
Advantages:
- They can get information that a human can’t get.
- They can perform tasks without any mistakes and very efficiently and fast.
- Maximum robots are automatic, so they can perform different tasks without needing human interaction.
- Robots are used in different factories to produce items like plane, car parts etc.
- They can be used for mining purposes and can be sent to earth’s madrid.
Disadvantages:
- They need the power supply to keep going. People working in factories may lose their jobs as robots can replace them.
- They need high maintenance to keep them working all day long. And the cost of maintaining the robots can be expensive.
- They can store huge amount of data but they are not as efficient as our human brains.
- As we know that robots work on the program that has been installed in them. So other than the program installed, robots can’t do anything different.
- The most important disadvantage is that if the program of robots comes in wrong hands they can cause the huge amount of destruction.
Scope and limitations of robots:
When a robot is designed the most important thing to be kept in mind is that What the function is to be performed and what are the limitations of the robot. For general basic robots, their complexity is decided by the number of limbs, actuators and the sensors that are used while for advanced robots the complexity is decided by the number of microprocessors and microcontroller used. As increasing any component in the robot, it is increasing the scope of the robot and with every joint added, the degree of the robot is enhanced.
NASA Robotics
How Does NASA Use Robots?
Robotic arms on spacecraft are used to move very large objects in space. Spacecraft that visit other worlds are robots that can do work by themselves. People send them commands. The robots then follow those commands. This type of robot includes the rovers that explore the surface of Mars. Robotic airplanes can fly without a pilot aboard. NASA is researching new types of robots that will work with people and help them.
What Are Robotic Arms?
NASA uses robotic arms to move large objects in space. The space shuttle's "Canadarm" robot arm first flew on the shuttle's second mission in 1981. The International Space Station is home to the larger Canadarm2. The space shuttle has used its arm for many jobs. It could be used to release or recover satellites. For example, the arm has been used to grab the Hubble Space Telescope on five different repair missions. The shuttle and space station arms work together to help build the station. The robotic arms have been used to move new parts of the station into place. The arms also can be used to move astronauts around the station on spacewalks. The space station's arm can move to different parts of the station. It moves along the outside of the station like an inchworm, attached at one end at a time. It also has a robotic "hand" named Dextre that can do smaller jobs. An astronaut or someone in Mission Control must control these robotic arms. The astronaut uses controllers that look like joysticks used to play video games to move the arm around.
How Do Robots Explore Other Worlds?
Robots help NASA explore the solar system and the universe. Spacecraft that explore other worlds, like the moon or Mars, are all robotic. These robots include rovers and landers on the surface of other planets. The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity are examples of this kind of robot. Other robotic spacecraft fly by or orbit other worlds and study them from space. Cassini, the spacecraft that studies Saturn and its moons and rings, is this type of robot. The Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft now traveling outside Earth's solar system are also robots.
Unlike the robotic arm on the space station, these robots are autonomous. That means they can work by themselves. They follow the commands people send. People use computers and powerful antennas to send messages to the spacecraft. The robots have antennas that receive the messages and transfer the commands telling them what to do into their computers. Then the robot will follow the commands.
How Does NASA Use Robotic Airplanes?
NASA uses many airplanes called UAVs. UAV stands for unmanned aerial vehicle. These planes do not carry pilots aboard them. Some UAVs are flown by remote control by pilots on the ground. Others can fly themselves, with only simple directions. UAVs provide many benefits. The planes can study dangerous places without risking human life. For example, UAVs might be used to take pictures of a volcano. A UAV also could fly for a very long time without the need to land. Since they do not carry a pilot, UAVs also can be smaller or more lightweight than they would with a person aboard.
How Can Robots Help Astronauts?
NASA is developing new robots that could help people in space. For example, one of these ideas is called Robonaut. Robonaut looks like the upper body of a person. It has a chest, head and arms. Robonaut could work outside a spacecraft, performing tasks like an astronaut on a spacewalk. With wheels or another way of moving, Robonaut also could work on the moon, or another world. Robonaut could work alongside astronauts and help them.
Another robot idea is called SPHERES. These are small robots that look a little like soccer balls. The current SPHERES are being used on the space station to test how well they can move in microgravity. Someday, similar robots could fly around inside the station helping astronauts.
NASA also is studying the possibility of other robots. For example, a small version of the station's robotic arm could be used inside the station. A robot like that might help in an emergency. If an astronaut were seriously hurt, a doctor on Earth could control the robotic arm to perform surgery. This technology could help on Earth, as well. Doctors could use their expertise to help people in remote locations.
Robots also can be used as scouts to check out new areas to be explored. Scout robots can take photographs and measure the terrain. This helps scientists and engineers make better plans for exploring. Scout robots can be used to look for dangers and to find the best places to walk, drive or stop. This helps astronauts work more safely and quickly. Having humans and robots work together makes it easier to study other worlds.
David Hitt/NASA Educational Technology Services What_is_robotics
Also see:bot, software robot, uncanny valley, telepresence robot, mobile robot, social robot, probabilistic robotics, developmental robotics, smart robot and robot economy.
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